.::: Enable userstat USER_STATISTICS, CLIENT_STATISTICS, INDEX_STATISTICS, and the TABLE_STATISTICS MariaDB MySQL :::.

A. Enable Statistic Plugin

1. Check configuration statistic
From query
show variables like '%userstat%';

From mariadb configuration
# cat /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf | grep userstat


2. Enable userstat configuration From Query ( for temporary configuration)

SET GLOBAL userstat=1;
show variables like 'userstat';

.::: Backup & Restore Database MongoDB Using Mongodump & mongorestore :::.

Step 1: Create Direct Backups Using Mongodump

mongodump
 
[root@teguhth ~]# mongodump
2024-04-15T14:59:40.783+0700    writing admin.system.users to dump/admin/system.users.bson
2024-04-15T14:59:40.789+0700    done dumping admin.system.users (3 documents)
2024-04-15T14:59:40.790+0700    writing admin.system.version to dump/admin/system.version.bson
2024-04-15T14:59:40.790+0700    done dumping admin.system.version (2 documents)
2024-04-15T14:59:40.792+0700    writing teguhth.pembelian to dump/teguhth/pembelian.bson
2024-04-15T14:59:40.793+0700    writing teguhth.pasok to dump/teguhth/pasok.bson
2024-04-15T14:59:40.794+0700    writing teguhth.suplier to dump/teguhth/suplier.bson
2024-04-15T14:59:40.795+0700    writing kampus.mahasiswi to dump/kampus/mahasiswi.bson
2024-04-15T14:59:40.797+0700    done dumping teguhth.pembelian (15 documents)
2024-04-15T14:59:40.798+0700    writing teguhth.barang to dump/teguhth/barang.bson
2024-04-15T14:59:40.799+0700    done dumping teguhth.pasok (12 documents)
2024-04-15T14:59:40.800+0700    writing teguhth.customer to dump/teguhth/customer.bson
2024-04-15T14:59:40.801+0700    done dumping kampus.mahasiswi (8 documents)
2024-04-15T14:59:40.801+0700    writing tka.barang to dump/tka/barang.bson
2024-04-15T14:59:40.802+0700    done dumping teguhth.barang (6 documents)
2024-04-15T14:59:40.803+0700    writing tka.Barang to dump/tka/Barang.bson
2024-04-15T14:59:40.803+0700    done dumping teguhth.customer (6 documents)
2024-04-15T14:59:40.806+0700    done dumping tka.barang (6 documents)
2024-04-15T14:59:40.807+0700    done dumping teguhth.suplier (6 documents)
2024-04-15T14:59:40.808+0700    done dumping tka.Barang (0 documents)
[root@teguhth ~]#

.::: How to enable CDC (Change Data Capture) in PostgreSQL, EDB :::.

1. Enable WAL (Write-Ahead Logging): PostgreSQL uses Write-Ahead Logging for durability. Ensure that your PostgreSQL server is configured to use WAL.

2. Create Audit Table: Create an audit table where you will log the changes.

CREATE TABLE audit_table (
    id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
    table_name TEXT NOT NULL,
    action_type TEXT NOT NULL,
    old_data JSONB,
    new_data JSONB,
    changed_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
 

.::: Convert pgaudit & pgauditlogtofile log insert into table in PostgreSQL EDB :::.

 continue from http://teguhth.blogspot.com/2024/02/enable-pgaudit-pgauditlogtofile-in.html

1. Create table pgaudit_log

CREATE TABLE pgaudit_log (
log_time text,
user_name text,
dbname text,
process_id text,
connection_from text,
session_id text,
session_line_num text,
command_tag text,
session_start_time text,
virtual_transaction_id text,
transaction_id text,
error_severity text,
sql_state_code text,
message text,
detail text,
hint text,
internal_query text,
internal_query_pos text,
context text,
query text,
query_pos text,
location text,
application_name text,
backend_type text,
leader_pid text,
query_id text,
custom_1 text,
custom_2 text,
custom_3 text,
console text
);
 

.::: Check Status Backup & Restore Progress in % Percent MSSQL SQL Server :::.

A. Backup

1. Query 1

SELECT @@servername as ServerName, command, percent_complete,total_elapsed_time, estimated_completion_time, start_time
  FROM sys.dm_exec_requests
  WHERE command IN ('RESTORE DATABASE','BACKUP DATABASE')

.::: How to enable CDC (Change Data Capture) in MariaDB, MySQL, MarinaDB in Table :::.

Enable Binary Logging

1. check table for sample

SELECT *,@@hostname,@@version FROM teguhth.pembelian
 

2. Create table for cdc

# create table

CREATE TABLE audit_table (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    table_name VARCHAR(100),
    action_type ENUM('INSERT', 'UPDATE', 'DELETE'),
    old_data JSON,
    new_data JSON,
    changed_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

SELECT *,@@hostname,@@version FROM audit_table;

.::: Script check cpu usage & memory usage & Total Memory Server SQL Server include using sqlcmd to monitoring NMS :::.

 1. create store procedure cpu monitoring sql server for monitoring

CREATE PROCEDURE sp_total_usage_cpu_SQLProcessUtilization

AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @ts_now bigint = (SELECT cpu_ticks/(cpu_ticks/ms_ticks)FROM sys.dm_os_sys_info);

SELECT TOP(1)
               100 - SystemIdle - SQLProcessUtilization + SQLProcessUtilization AS [Total Usage CPU SQL Utilization]
  

.::: Script to check cpu & memory usage service in linux include custome service, mariadb, mysql, mongodb :::.

1. check custome cpu usage and memory usage

[root@teguhth special]# cat custom_service.sh

#!/bin/bash

echo "run custom_service.sh <name_service>"
PIDX=${1}
# Mendapatkan PID dari proses mariadbd
MARIADB_PID=$(pgrep $PIDX)

# Mendapatkan informasi tentang proses mariadbd dari top
TOP_INFO=$(top -n 1 -b -p "$MARIADB_PID" | tail -n +8 | head -n 1)
Mem_Total_mb=$(free -m | awk 'NR==2{printf "%.f", $2 }')
Mem_Total_gb=$(free -m | awk 'NR==2{printf "%.2f", $2/1024 }')

# Mengekstrak nilai CPU dan penggunaan memori dari output top
CPU_USAGE=$(echo "$TOP_INFO" | awk '{print $9}')
MEMORY_USAGE=$(echo "$TOP_INFO" | awk '{print $10}')
MEMORY_B=$(echo "$TOP_INFO" | awk '{print $6 }')

echo "CPU Usage(%) $PIDX   : ${CPU_USAGE}%"
echo "Memory Usage(%) $PIDX: ${MEMORY_USAGE}%"
echo "Memory Usage $PIDX   : ${MEMORY_B}"
echo "Memory Total Server   : $Mem_Total_mb MB or $Mem_Total_gb GB"

[root@teguhth special]#

.::: Study Kasus Praktis belajar Query create & insert table/Collection MongoDB (Data Warehouse) dengan Primary Key :::.

1. correlation with other post

http://teguhth.blogspot.com/2020/12/study-kasus-praktis-belajar-query.html

2. create collection with primarykey

use teguhth
show dbs

show collections
db.createCollection("barang")
db.createCollection("suplier")
db.createCollection("customer")
db.createCollection("pasok")
db.createCollection("pembelian")
show collections
 

.::: Create User MongoDB role admin and readonly and authenticationRestrictions :::.

1. create user admin

use admin
db.createUser({ user: "admin",pwd: "admin",
roles: [{ role: "readAnyDatabase", db: "admin" },{ role: "readWriteAnyDatabase", db: "admin" }]});
show users;

.::: Create a dblink to a remote server MariaDD MySQL to PostgreSQL EDB and using metode SRCDEF :::.

1. install ODBC postgresql * configure

http://teguhth.blogspot.com/2024/01/install-postgresql-odbc-driver-on-linux.html

A. using dblink

1. create table dblink example table barang
CREATE TABLE table_edb_barang(
KODE_BARANG char(6) not null ,
NAMA_BARANG varchar(25),
SATUAN_BARANG varchar(20),
STOK_BARANG decimal(4),
primary key (KODE_BARANG)) ENGINE = CONNECT TABLE_TYPE=ODBC TABNAME='barang' CONNECTION='DSN=edbdb';

.::: Access MariaDB from PostgreSQL using dblink /FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER mysql_fdw :::.

1. install mysql_fdw
wget https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/15/redhat/rhel-7.9-x86_64/mysql_fdw_15-2.8.0-2.rhel7.x86_64.rpm
yum install mysql_fdw_15-2.8.0-2.rhel7.x86_64.rpm -y

2. create extension;

teguhth=# \c edbmaria;
You are now connected to database "edbmaria" as user "postgres".
edbmaria=#

edbmaria=# CREATE EXTENSION mysql_fdw;
CREATE EXTENSION
edbmaria=#
SELECT * FROM pg_extension;
 

.::: Enable pgaudit & pgauditlogtofile in PostgreSQL EDB ::.

1. Download pgaudit & pgauditlogtofile
https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/16/redhat/rhel-8.2-x86_64/
yum install -y https://rpmfind.net/linux/centos-stream/9-stream/AppStream/x86_64/os/Packages/pgaudit-16.0-1.module_el9+807+b1de07f3.x86_64.rpm
yum install -y https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/16/redhat/rhel-8.2-x86_64/pgauditlogtofile_16-1.5.12-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64.rpm

2. check rpm & extension

[root@teguhth ~]# rpm -qa | grep -i postgres
postgresql16-server-16.0-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64
postgresql16-contrib-16.0-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64
postgresql16-16.0-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64
postgresql16-libs-16.0-1PGDG.rhel8.x86_64
[root@teguhth ~]#

.::: How to Use backup & Restore Database MySQL MariaDB using MariaDB Backup :::.

 
A. Backup with mariabackup
1. install mariabackup

yum install -y MariaDB-backup -y

2. check data before testing

select * from teguhth.barang;
select * from teguhth.pembelian;
 

.::: Create dblink using dblink_connect & dblink in PostgreSQL EDB :::.

1. check before setting
select pg_read_file('/etc/hostname') as hostname, version();

psql -h 10.10.10.8 -U admin -p 5432 -d teguhth -c "select pg_read_file('/etc/hostname') as hostname, version();";
psql -h 10.10.10.71 -U admin -p 5444 -d teguhth -c "select pg_read_file('/etc/hostname') as hostname, version();";
 

2. create create new database dblink_edb <optional only case>
teguhth=# create database dblink_edb;
CREATE DATABASE
teguhth=#
 

.::: Create External Table PostgreSQL, EDB using Foreign Data Wrapper (postgres_fdw) like DBLink :::.

1. create new externaldb for sample
create database externaldb;
\c externaldb;

teguhth=# create database externaldb;
CREATE DATABASE
teguhth=# \c externaldb;
You are now connected to database "externaldb" as user "postgres".
externaldb=#

.::: Script Backup Full All Database in PostgreSQL EDB :::.

corelation with http://teguhth.blogspot.com/2023/08/backup-and-restore-postgresql-edb.html

 

 1. check data from table
select * from teguhth.public.pembelian;
select * from edb.public.barang;
 

2. run backup
su - postgres
sh backup_edb_full_script.sh

.::: Script to Restore Backup Full & all Transaction in one Command for MariaDB MySQL :::.

1. check before restore
2. check directory backup & create dblist,txt
ls > dblist.txt

[root@teguhth teguhth]# ls > dblist.txt
[root@teguhth teguhth]# cat dblist.txt
dblist.txt
[FULL]_teguhth_20240217_155359.sql.gz
[LOG]_teguhth_20240217_155414.sql.gz
[LOG]_teguhth_20240217_185039.sql.gz
[LOG]_teguhth_20240217_185041.sql.gz
read.sh
test.sh

.::: Restore Transaction Log Backup in MySQL MariaDB :::.

 
corelation with http://teguhth.blogspot.com/2024/02/script-backup-full-differential.html
and http://teguhth.blogspot.com/2023/09/set-up-incremental-backup-restore-in.html

1. backup full & transaction log
[root@teguhth fix]# sh backup_full_script.sh
[root@teguhth fix]# sh backup_log_script.sh
 

.::: Script Backup Full + Differential + Transaction Log in MariaDB MySQL & Scheduler just like SQL Server :::.

 

1. create script backup full

[root@teguhth fix]# cat backup_full_script.sh

echo ""
Server=$(hostname)
ip_address=$(ip a | awk '/inet / && $2 !~ /^127\./ {gsub("addr:","",$2); print $2}')
# Print the IP address

infotgl=$(date)
dbversion=$(mysql -uroot -proot -sNe "select @@version as VersionDB");
echo ".::: Backup Full All database using custom in '$Server $dbversion' with $ip_address :::."
echo ""
#!/bin/bash
#
#clear;
year=`date +%Y`; month=`date +%m`; day=`date +%d`; hour=`date +%H`; min=`date +%M`; sec=`date +%S`; dayname=`date +%a`;underscore='_';
datex=$(date +%Y"-"%m"-"%d" "%H":"%M":"%S" ");
#echo "Backup begin $infotgl"
 backuppath="/backup";
#mkdir -p $backuppath/$year-$month-$day;
#path="$backuppath/$year-$month-$day";
# Find the latest mysql-bin log file
LATEST_BINLOG=$(ls -1t /var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.* | grep -v 'mysql-bin.index' | head -n 1)
 

.::: Create user limited to access only spesific table or specific view, store procedure,function in MSSQL SQL Server :::.

 
1. create user & password
USE [master]
GO
CREATE LOGIN [onlyone] WITH PASSWORD=N'admin', DEFAULT_DATABASE=[teguhth], CHECK_EXPIRATION=OFF, CHECK_POLICY=OFF
GO
use [master];
GO
USE [teguhth]
GO
CREATE USER [onlyone] FOR LOGIN [onlyone]
GO
use [teguhth];
GO
USE [teguhth]
GO
CREATE USER [onlyone] FOR LOGIN [onlyone]
GO
 

.::: Create table DbLink MariaDB MySQL using ODBC/DSN using metode SRCDEF base on query :::.

1. Install Connect Engine
yum install MariaDB-connect-engine -y

2. Check ODBC INI

[root@teguhth ~]# cat /etc/odbc.ini

[edbdb]
Description         = PostgreSQL connection to SallyDB
Driver              = PostgreSQL
Database            = teguhth
Servername          = 10.10.10.8
UserName            = admin
Password            = admin
Port                = 5432
ReadOnly            = No
RowVersioning       = No
ShowSystemTables    = No
#ConnSettings        =
 

.::: Install MariaDB ODBC Driver on Linux & test DSN or odbcins.ini and odbc.ini :::.

 
1. Install mariadb connector odbc
[root@teguhth ~]# yum install -y https://dlm.mariadb.com/3680404/Connectors/odbc/connector-odbc-3.1.20/mariadb-connector-odbc-3.1.20-centos74-amd64.rpm

2. check rpm odbc

[root@teguhth ~]# rpm -qa | grep -i odbc
msodbcsql18-18.3.2.1-1.x86_64
mariadb-connector-odbc-3.1.20-1.x86_64
postgresql-odbc-09.03.0100-2.el7.x86_64
unixODBC-devel-2.3.11-1.rh.x86_64
unixODBC-2.3.11-1.rh.x86_64
[root@teguhth ~]#

.::: Create SQL Audit in SQL Server MSSQL for example Schema Change & Permission Change :::.

 A. Schema Audit
1. Schema change Audit script

USE [master]
GO

/****** Object:  Audit [Schema_Change_Sample]    Script Date: 8/3/2022 6:08:55 PM ******/
CREATE SERVER AUDIT [Schema_Change_Sample]
TO FILE
(    FILEPATH = N'C:\audit\' ---- Change Audit file path
    ,MAXSIZE = 20 MB
    ,MAX_ROLLOVER_FILES = 5
    ,RESERVE_DISK_SPACE = OFF
)
WITH
(    QUEUE_DELAY = 1000
    ,ON_FAILURE = CONTINUE
    ,AUDIT_GUID = 'e5abe6c5-f451-41f3-936c-b1da1c0786ce'
)
ALTER SERVER AUDIT [Schema_Change_Sample] WITH (STATE = ON)
GO

.::: Create user limited to access only spesific table or specific view, store procedure,function in MariaDB MySQL :::.

corelation http://teguhth.blogspot.com/2022/08/create-user-admin-readonly-database.html


1. create user only akses 1 table
CREATE USER 'onlyone'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'onlyone';
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON teguhth.pembelian TO 'onlyone'@'%';
ALTER USER 'onlyone'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'onlyone';

CREATE USER 'onlyone'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'onlyone';
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON teguhth.pembelian TO 'onlyone'@'localhost';
ALTER USER 'onlyone'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'onlyone';

FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
 

.::: Install PostgreSQL ODBC Driver on Linux & test DSN or odbcins.ini and odbc.ini Access PostgreSQL using ODBC :::.

1. install odbc postgres
yum install unixODBC unixODBC-devel postgresql-odbc -y

[root@teguhth data]# rpm -qa | grep -i odbc
msodbcsql18-18.3.2.1-1.x86_64
postgresql-odbc-09.03.0100-2.el7.x86_64
unixODBC-devel-2.3.11-1.rh.x86_64
unixODBC-2.3.11-1.rh.x86_64
[root@teguhth data]#
 

-bash-4.2$ cat postgresql.conf | grep -i listen_a
#listen_addresses = 'localhost'         # what IP address(es) to listen on;
listen_addresses ='*'                                   # comma-separated list of addresses;
-bash-4.2$
-bash-4.2$ cat pg_hba.conf | grep -i admin
host   all   admin 10.0.0.0/8 md5
-bash-4.2$

.::: Change the file created date & Modified file in Linux :::.

 1. check size & time file
[root@teguhth data]# ls -lh
total 932K
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root   19 Jan 17 18:01 backup
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 924K Jun 23  2023 psqlodbc-15.00.0000.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7.9K Jan 16 14:59 teguhth_original.sql
[root@teguhth data]#
[root@teguhth data]#
[root@teguhth data]# cp psqlodbc-15.00.0000.tar.gz psqlodbc-15.00.0000_test.tar.gz
[root@teguhth data]# ls -lh
total 1.9M
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root   19 Jan 17 18:01 backup
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 924K Jun 23  2023 psqlodbc-15.00.0000.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 924K Jan 29 10:15 psqlodbc-15.00.0000_test.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 7.9K Jan 16 14:59 teguhth_original.sql
[root@teguhth data]#
[root@teguhth data]#
 

.::: Shell Script to Get CPU Memory Usage (%), Swap (%) & Local Check, all_check GTID Mirroring,IP & Hostname,uptime MariaDB in Centos 9 Redhat 9 Rocky Linux 9 :::.

 1. local check

##[root@teguhth data]# cat local_check.sh
#  cat check_cpu_mem_usage.sh
#!/bin/bash
date
CPU=$(top -bn1 | grep load | awk '{printf "%.2f%%\t\t\n", $(NF-2)}')

Mem_Used_mb=$(free -m | awk 'NR==2{printf "%.f", $3 }')
Mem_Total_mb=$(free -m | awk 'NR==2{printf "%.f", $2 }')

Mem_Used_kb=$(free -m | awk 'NR==2{printf "%.f", $3*1024 }')
Mem_Total_kb=$(free -m | awk 'NR==2{printf "%.f", $2*1024 }')

Mem_Used_gb=$(free -m | awk 'NR==2{printf "%.f", $3/1024 }')
Mem_Total_gb=$(free -m | awk 'NR==2{printf "%.f", $2/1024 }')

.::: Create a dblink to a remote server MariaDB MySQL MarinaDB in Linux to MSSQL SQL Server 2022 in Windows Server 2022 using ha_connect,unixODBC,odbcinst.ini :::.

A. Install & Configuration DBLink
1. install haconnect in Linux Redhat

before 

http://teguhth.blogspot.com/2024/01/install-configure-odbcinstini-odbc-for.html
yum install MariaDB-connect-engine -y

[root@teguhth ~]# yum install MariaDB-connect-engine -y
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirror.cepatcloud.id
 * epel: mirror2.totbb.net
 * extras: mirror.cepatcloud.id
 * updates: mirror.cepatcloud.id
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package MariaDB-connect-engine.x86_64 0:10.11.6-1.el7.centos will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
 

.::: Install & Configure odbcinst.ini ODBC for MSSQL SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL MariaDB, PostgreSQL in Linux Centos 7, 8, 9 :::.

 A. ODBC Linux for MSSQL
1. prefer link
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/connect/odbc/linux-mac/installing-the-microsoft-odbc-driver-for-sql-server?view=sql-server-ver16&tabs=redhat18-install%2Calpine17-install%2Cdebian8-install%2Credhat7-13-install%2Crhel7-offline

#Download appropriate package for the OS version
#Choose only ONE of the following, corresponding to your OS version

.::: Create a link or dblink to a remote server MariaDD MySQL to MSSQL SQL Server using ha_connect :::.

 A. Configure dblink MariaDB
1. install plugin ha_connect
INSTALL SONAME 'ha_connect';

2. install driver Driver=SQL Server Native Client 11.0 or mssqlodbc

SQL Server Native Client 11.0
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=50402

or
mssqlodbc
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=36434

.::: Create sample multiple dblink MariaDB MySQL to run multiple query Inner Join, Normal Join :::.

1. correlation dblink

https://teguhth.blogspot.com/2024/01/create-link-or-dblink-to-remote-server.html

2. check normal query from remoteserver

select b.NAMA_BARANG,s.NAMA_SUPLIER,p.TANGGAL_PASOK,p.JUMLAH_PASOK from barang b,suplier s,pasok p
where b.KODE_BARANG=p.KODE_BARANG and s.KODE_SUPLIER=p.KODE_SUPLIER;

select @@hostname,b.NAMA_BARANG,s.NAMA_SUPLIER,p.TANGGAL_PASOK,p.JUMLAH_PASOK from barang b,suplier s,pasok p
where b.KODE_BARANG=p.KODE_BARANG and s.KODE_SUPLIER=p.KODE_SUPLIER;
 

.::: Create a link or dblink to a remote server MariaDD MySQL using federated ha_federatedx.so plugin :::.

A. Sample other database to get database (source)
create database teguhth_maria_dwh;
use teguhth_maria_dwh;
create table barang(
KODE_BARANG char(6) not null ,
NAMA_BARANG varchar(25),
SATUAN_BARANG varchar(20),
STOK_BARANG decimal(4),
primary key (KODE_BARANG));

.::: Script to check File backup Database MariaDB MySQL , SQL Server MSSQL success or not in NAS or FS :::.

 1. sample for linux backup mariadb & windows sql server

db linux

db_mariadb_teguh;
db_mariadb_teguh_dmart;

db windows

db_mssql_teguh;
db_mssql_teguh_dmart;
 

.::: Create Quary Daily Backup All Database MariaDB MySQL & retention and Crontab :::.

1. Create script all backup using custom

##[root@teguhth backup]# cat backuptest.sh
echo ""
Server=$(hostname)
ip_address=$(ip a | awk '/inet / && $2 !~ /^127\./ {gsub("addr:","",$2); print $2}')
# Print the IP address

infotgl=$(date)

echo ".::: Backup all database using custom in $Server with $ip_address :::."
echo ""
#!/bin/bash
#
#clear;
year=`date +%Y`; month=`date +%m`; day=`date +%d`; hour=`date +%H`; min=`date +%M`; sec=`date +%S`; dayname=`date +%a`;
echo "Backup begin $infotgl"
 

.::: How to migrate a SQL Server database to a lower version or Downgrade MSSQL 2022 to 2019 or lower ::.

As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, SQL Server 2022 had not been released. However, if you're using a newer version of SQL Server and want to downgrade to SQL Server 2019,
it's important to note that downgrading a SQL Server database is not a straightforward process. Microsoft does not support direct downgrades, and you may need to go through a series of steps to achieve this.
Here are the general steps you might follow:

A. check version & sample query before downgrade (SQL 2022)